Review




Structured Review

Proteintech tsg101
Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, <t>TSG101,</t> Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
Tsg101, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 6178 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Images

1) Product Images from "Microenvironment-educated MSC-EVs loaded injectable smart hydrogel for targeting senescent nucleus pulposus cells and inhibiting ferroptosis against intervertebral disc degeneration"

Article Title: Microenvironment-educated MSC-EVs loaded injectable smart hydrogel for targeting senescent nucleus pulposus cells and inhibiting ferroptosis against intervertebral disc degeneration

Journal: Bioactive Materials

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.030

Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, TSG101, Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
Figure Legend Snippet: Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, TSG101, Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Techniques Used: Confocal Microscopy, In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Biomarker Discovery, Fluorescence, Injection, Labeling, Gene Expression, Western Blot, Marker, Expressing, Derivative Assay

Related Articles

other:

Article Title: KRT15 identified by scRNA-Seq and machine learning as stemness regulator and prognostic biomarker in ESCC
Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including anti-GAPDH (60004-1-Ig, 1:2000), anti-Vinculin (26520-1-AP, 1:5000), anti-CD44 (15675-1-AP, 1:10000), anti-KRT15 (10137-1-AP, 1:5000), anti-cMYC (10828-1-AP, 1:2000), anti-OCT4 (11263-1-AP, 1:1000), and anti-SOX2 (11064-1-AP, 1:1000) were purchased from Proteintech.

Article Title: DNA-PK interacts with cyclic dinucleotides and inhibits type I interferon responses
Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used include anti-DNA-PKcs (A300-517, Bethyl, 1:500), anti-cGAS (15102) Cell Signaling Technology), anti-pSTING Ser366 (19781; Cell Signaling Technology), anti-STING (13647, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-pIRF3 Ser386 (ab76493; Abcam), anti-IRF3 (11904; Cell Signaling Technology), anti-HSP90 (4877; Cell Signaling Technology), anti-GAPDH (60004-1-Ig; Proteintech Europe, 1:5,000), and αTUBULIN (66031-1-Ig; Proteintech Europe, 1:10,000).

Article Title: Exercise-primed exosomes in an injectable hydrogel promote myocardial repair via angiogenesis and ferroptosis inhibition
Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were employed: anti-xCT (1:1000, Abcam #ab175186), anti-GPX4 (1:1000, Abcam #ab125066), anti-FTH1 (1:1000, Abcam #ab183781), anti-p-eNOS (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology #9570), anti-eNOS (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology #9572), anti-p-AKT (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology #4060), anti-AKT (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology #4691), anti-TSG101 (1:1000, Abcam #ab125011), anti-CD81 (1:1000, Abcam #ab109201), anti-calnexin (1:1000, Abcam #ab22595), and anti-GAPDH (1:2000, Proteintech #60004-1-Ig).

Article Title: Atmospheric particulate matter impairs pulmonary barriers by triggering FTH1-mediated ferroptosis
Article Snippet: Anti-GAPDH , Proteintech , Cat# 60004-1-Ig; RRID: AB_2263076.

Incubation:

Article Title: A multimodal ROS logic-gated therapeutic platform disrupts the vicious cycle of senescence to promote aged bone defect repair
Article Snippet: .. Membranes were blocked with 5% BSA in TBST for 1 h at 25 °C, followed by overnight incubation at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: anti-GAPDH (Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig; 1:50,000), anti-LC3 (Proteintech, 14600-1-AP; 1:3000), anti-mTOR (Proteintech, 66888-1-Ig; 1:25,000), and anti-phospho-mTOR (Proteintech, 67778-1-Ig; 1:6000). .. After washing three times with TBST, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies (Proteintech: rabbit SA00001-4, 1:5000; mouse SA00001-1, 1:5000) for 1 h at 25 °C.

Article Title: Depletion of p75NTR in Schwann Cells Driven by Inflammation Mediates Cutaneous Pain in Psoriasis.
Article Snippet: Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, #ISEQ00010), and blocked with 5% BSA in PBST (0.05% Tween20) for 1 h at room temperature. .. Membranes were incubated overnight at 4◦C with primary antibodies (Anti-S100B (1:1000, sc-393919, Santa Cruz), anti-SOX10(1:1000, sc-365692, Santa Cruz), anti-MBP (1:1000, sc-271524, Santa Cruz), anti- β3-Tubulin (1:1000, #5566, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-p75NTR(1:1000, ab52987, ABcam), anti-NGF(1:1000, A14216, Abclonal), antiGM130 (1:1000, #70767, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-IL-17A (1:1000, 13082-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-p-TrkA (1;1000, #9141, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-TrkA (1:1000, #2505, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-c-Fos (1:1000, #2250, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-p-ERK1/2 (1:1000, #4370, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-ERK1/2 (1:1000, #9102, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-p-AKT (1:2000, #4060, Cell Signaling Technology), antiAKT (1:1000, #9272, Cell Signaling Technology), anti-GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech), anti-KEAP1(1:1000, 10503-2-AP, Proteintech), anti-Nrf2 (1:1000, #20733, Cell Signaling Technol- 15 of 18 e C om m ons L icense o a i a g b ( 4 T o a t G G S t w ( i e w r b w f a 4 C e E D m m ( C 4 A w d c u w i w e A Y Z 1 nloaded from https://advanced.onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/10.1002/advs.202523189 by IN A SP - N E PA L , W iley O nline L ibrary on [06/04/2026]. .. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reativ gy), anti-pMLC2(1:1000, #95777, Cell Signaling Technology) and nti-MLC2(1:2000, 10906-1-AP, Proteintech), followed by 1 h of ncubation at room temperature with HRP-conjugated secondary ntibodies (goat anti-mouse IgG, 1:5000, SA00001-1, Proteintech; oat anti-rabbit IgG, 1:5000, SA00001-2, Proteintech).

Control:

Article Title: ATF6 ameliorates renal warm ischemia-reperfusion injury through FHL2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway
Article Snippet: Primary antibodies included: anti-ATF6 (1:1000, 24169-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-FHL2 (1:1000, 21619-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-NF-κB p65 (1:1000, 10745-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-phospho-NF-κB p65 (1:1000, 82335-1-RR, Proteintech), anti-TRAF6 (1:1000, AF5376, Affinity Biosciences), anti-IκBα (1:1000, 10268-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-phospho-IκBα (1:1000, 82349-1-RR, Proteintech), anti-HA (1:500, GB12939, Servicebio), and anti-Flag (1:500, GB15938, Servicebio). .. Anti-GAPDH (1:5000, 60004-1-Ig, Proteintech) served as loading control. .. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit: 1:2000, SA00001-2; anti-mouse: 1:2000, SA00001-1; Proteintech) were used for detection.

Western Blot:

Article Title: Tannic acid inhibits viral replication by disrupting nucleocapsid condensation
Article Snippet: Background: Viruses continue to threaten global health, highlighting the urgent need for antiviral strategies with broad-spectrum activity.. The nucleocapsid (N) protein undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), a conserved process essential for viral assembly.. However, pharmacological targeting of this process remains largely unexplored.



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Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, <t>TSG101,</t> Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
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Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, <t>TSG101,</t> Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
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Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, <t>TSG101,</t> Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
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Image Search Results


Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, TSG101, Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Microenvironment-educated MSC-EVs loaded injectable smart hydrogel for targeting senescent nucleus pulposus cells and inhibiting ferroptosis against intervertebral disc degeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Senescent Microenvironment-Educated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Release High-Affinity Senescent NPC Domesticated Extracellular Vesicles. (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for educating MSCs with SASP-CM to generate D-EVs versus N-EVs. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing different EVs internalization by senescent NPCs after 12 h in vitro. (C) Flow cytometry and quantification analysis of different EVs uptake by senescent NPCs. (D) In vivo validation of the senescent niche. Representative fluorescence images following injection of senescence-tracer (Red). (E) In vivo PKH26-labeled D-EVs tracking. (F) Representative SA-β-Gal images and quantification of MSCs treated with SASP-CM or not. (G) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of external encapsulating structure organization and cytokine production in Biological Process (BP) categories. (H) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with EVs biogenesis within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (I) Heatmap indicating gene expression associated with cytokine production within D-MSCs and N-MSCs. (J and L) Gene Ontology (GO) analysis confirming enrichment of terms related to vesicle organization and transport in the Cellular Component (CC) categories. (K) Western blot analysis confirmed core senescence markers p16 and p21 and DNA damage marker γ-H2AX in N-MSC and D-MSC. (M) Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD9, CD63, TSG101, Calnexin, and GM130 in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. (N) TEM images showing the morphology and size of MSC-derived EVs, N-EVs, and D-EVs. (O) NTA shows size distribution in MSC-EVs, N-EVs, or D-EVs. The data were presented as mean ± SD. n = 3, ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: After blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 2 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against GAPDH (1:5000, 104941-AP, Proteintech), TSG101 (1:1000, DF8427, Affinity), CD9 (1:1000, AF5139, Affinity), CD63 (1:2000, 25682-1-AP, Proteintech), Calnexin (1:5000, 10427-2-AP, Proteintech), GM130 (1:20000, 11308-1-AP, Proteintech), CXCR3 (1:5000, 26756-1-AP, Proteintech), CXCL10 (1:2000, 10937-1-AP, Proteintech), MMP3 (1:2000, 17873-1-AP, Proteintech), ADAMTS5 (DF13268, Affinity), P16 (AF5484, Affinity), P21 (10355-1-AP, Proteintech), GPX4 (1:1000, 381958, Zen-bio), SLC7A11 (1:1000, 26864-1-AP, Proteintech), ACSL4 (1:5000, 22401-1-AP, Proteintech) and Tubulin (1:10000, T40103 , Abmart) overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Biomarker Discovery, Fluorescence, Injection, Labeling, Gene Expression, Western Blot, Marker, Expressing, Derivative Assay